Science shapes everything from human health to energy production, from national security to our understanding of the universe. If AI can accelerate science—shortening the time it takes to generate new ideas, or to move from an idea to a tested result—the benefits compound across society.But the pace of innovation remains a constraint. Even when the right idea exists, turning it into a product or treatment can take years. In a recent survey⁠(opens in a new window), 60 percent of people in the U.S. said scientific and medical breakthroughs reach them too slowly; 73 percent said we need better ways to accelerate discovery; and 69 percent identified scientific leadership as a top national priority.Today, we’re releasing “Early science acceleration experiments with GPT‑5⁠(opens in a new window),” a paper co-authored with collaborators at universities and national laboratories including Vanderbilt, UC Berkeley, Columbia, Oxford, Cambridge, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and The Jackson Laboratory. It compiles early case studies across math, physics, biology, computer science, astronomy, and materials science in which GPT‑5 helped researchers synthesize known results in a novel way, conduct powerful literature review, accelerate tough computations, and even generate novel proofs of unsolved propositions. The paper also documents limitations. Our goal is to give the community a clear view of what these systems can and cannot do today in research settings.These case studies show how, in the hands of experts, GPT‑5 is accelerating scientific discovery, and why that acceleration matters:Biology: In a study led by Derya Unutmaz, M.D., scientists spent months trying to explain a puzzling change in human immune cells. GPT‑5 identified the likely mechanism within minutes from an unpublished chart and suggested an experiment that proved it. This kind of speed could help researchers understand diseases faster and develop better treatments.Mathematics: In another case, resea